Radio and recorded music

The Group

Liza Kinner
Sindy Giraldo
Carolin Büttner
Iina Kuula
Alberto Ortega
Dylan Jones
Riikka Uhmavaara

The Schedule

Video "Radio is Everywhere": 5 min
Radio History (Liz) : 10 min
Radio Broadcasting (Riikka) : 5min
Radio and other media - group task (Dylan): 25min
YLE interview (Iina and Sindy) : 12 min
-Break-
Recorded music history (Alberto): 10 min
Recorded music styles (Caro): 10 min
Copyrights and piracy (Riikka): 10 min
Discussion: rest of time

Total: 82 min + discussion

1. Radio History

2. Radio Broadcasting

-->

Public radio

Public radio's mission is public service. They recieve funding from diverse sources such as license fees and public financing. Public broadcasting may be nationally or locally operated, depending on the country and the station. In some countries, public broadcasting is run by a single organization. Other countries have multiple public broadcasting organizations operating regionally or in different languages. Historically, in many countries , public broadcasting was once the only form or the dominant form of broadcasting.

For public broadcasting there are strict principles it must follow which makes it a lot different from commercial radio. Public radio should be able to reach all people in a specific area, it is required to appeal to all kinds of people, pay attention to minorities, contribute to the communty or national identity and focus on quality programming.

Public broadcasters do not rely on advertising to the same degree as commercial broadcasters, or at all; this allows public broadcasters to transmit programmes that are not commercially viable to the mass market, such as public affairs shows, radio documentaries and educational programme.

Commercial radio

Commercial broadcasting is primarily based on airing radio advertisments for profit. Broadcasting consists of shows and advertisements. Channels usually have a specific target group. The actual content can be anything, but nowadays commercial radio focuses on entertainment. Things lie music and sports. Usually also news are involved in broadcasts, but not necessarily.

Commercial broadcasting is two-sided. Advertising usually takes a lot of airing time and the quality of the programmes are in risk to be poorer. Commercial radio usually trys to appeal to big audiences and doesn't serve the local interest. They might not always give out objective information and also there has been quite a lot of debate concerning how moral standards are kept in some of these commercial channels.

Internet radio

Internet radio is an audio service transmitted via interenet. Some internet radio programs are streamed only on the internet and not broadcast in the usual way at all. But still a lot of times internet radios involve streaming meadia, which means listeners can't pause or replay the audio. There is also a alternative way that lets listeners download rather than stream. This is called podcasting. Many Internet radio services are associated with a corresponding traditional radio station or radio network but there are also a growing amount of independet internet-only radio stations these days.

Internet radio has become quite popular since it offers listeners programmes that serve their specific needs and requirements. Internet radio services offer news, sports, talk, and various genres of music—every format that is available on traditional radio stations, but also you have radios that only concentrate on small fields of interest. You can have for example radio for stand-up comedy or modern greek music.

Pirate radio

Pirate radio is illegal or unregulated radio ransmission. The term is most commonly used to describe illegal broadcasting for entertainment or political purposes, but is also sometimes used for illegal operation.

3. Radio and other media

Learning goal

Identify the advantages and disadvantages of radio compared to other forms of media.

You will do this by discussing the topic provided to you in small groups and present your thoughts to the class for further feedback and imput.

Groups are advised to consider…

•How does radio compare to the other media in terms of  reaching people?

•Does it reach  more or less people?

•How and where does it reach them?

•Features unique to both mediums.

•Strengths and weaknesses of both mediums.

Radio vs TV

Consumers find television commercials more annoying than other media and

treat commercials as an opportunity to leave the room or change the channel.

Television is seen as glamorous- bigger than people and the most distant media. Does not have the same close relationship with consumers.

Consumers predominantly watch TV in the home after 5pm. Therefore, the likelihood they will watch TV before making a purchase is decreased.

Radio is intensely personal, many people regard it as a friend or companion.

Radio speaks up close with people, creating rapport with its listeners

Radio can reach listeners just before they hit the shops. 62% of consumers going shopping listened to the radio just 13 minutes before. 36% saw a television commercial in the 42 minutes leading up to shopping.

Television reaches less than half of all consumers across the working day, radio has the ability to reach where television doesn’t. Television reaches more people at night. The two media are perfect partners-radio can boost a television campaign, giving it better reach while being much more cost effective.

Radio vs Print

Ads in newspapers can only appear when the paper appears – usually once a day or once a week.

Advantage of visual impact, being in either black and white or color.

Inflexibility of magazines means the flexibility of ads are affected. Advertisers cannot respond quickly to changing market conditions.

People are busier and spend less time with magazines. They need an entertainment and information medium which moves with them. Radio can point people to certain magazines and tell them about articles and points of interest.

Radio is adaptable, advertisements can appear whenever and however the advertiser chooses. Radio ads can appear when the message will be most relevant to the consumer. Increases brand sales.

With up to 3,000 commercial messages per day impacting every consumer, messages must stand out through their creativity and uniqueness.

Radio can personalize advertising messages by using the power of human voice and sound. This paints a picture or excites emotions in consumers.

Radio copy however can be prepared or revised on short notice to respond to any changes in market conditions.

Radio can add reach and frequency to a print campaign – enhancing communication and creating positive shifts in brand awareness. Adding radio to a newspaper campaign can almost triple brand awareness.

Radio vs the internet

The net is audio and visual but requires being ‘online.’ Time consuming. Requires attention- this is not an issue for radio.

NET allows for tracking of ad popularity- more difficult with traditional advertising. Respond to demographic.

Costs of advertising are more effective in the long run and it is global not regional.

Radio ads may be more effective at making emotional connections with consumers, thanks to the much more emotional link that listeners have with the medium itself.

Conclusion

Radio reaches more people during the work day than any other media. It can be changed daily and used to point them to a variety of products when they are in the right frame of mind to purchase that product.

By using different creative at different times of the day, you can reflect consumers moods and frames of mind.  When an ad is relevant to the consumer, ad response in sales is increased by 65%.

Examples are targeting mothers who do the shopping during the day.

46% of people who visit cafes and 47% who visit fast food outlets weekdays 9am-1pm listen to the radio during these same periods.

Why Radio?

Targets well- advertisers can customize creative messages and specific placement throughout the day for each customer group to enhance overall response.

Radio engages listeners- when it mentions something relevant to the listeners. Like receiving word of mouth from a friend. Excellent selling environment unlike other media.

Radio directs- listeners to other forms of media and supports other mediums, boosting interaction.

Radio is relevant- it can reach listeners at times of day when ads will be most relevant to them, increasing brand sales.

Radio is trustworthy- listeners trust their favorite station and radio celebrities to keep them up to date on news, new music and the latest products and services.

Radio is everywhere- offers listeners a variety of formats which appeal to their particular needs, characteristics and lifestyles.

Radio keeps up with consumers- the only media which can keep up with listeners when they are on the run and reach them just before making purchase decisions.

While other media have their advantages, radio is the engages consumers with advertisements. 

4. Interview with YLE

5. Recorded music history

 

1^st Stage

Reproduction instruments consist mainly of acoustic elements, player pianos, pianos and music boxes from the Middle Ages to the nineteenth century

The shows were devoted mainly to the rich and yet there was also political street theater occupying live instruments during performances

The themes of street theater were usually issues social criticism while in the theater performances were issues related to literary classics 

2^nd stage

 With the appearance of the disks begins practically the era of mass music
Deutsche Grammophon (1898)Everyone could have access to recorded music but right now the mechanisms were expensive and not all people could afford to be the music on the radio an alternative

The disc installed in the radio radio allowed to specialize in musical spaces was first dedicated solely to submit music radio, sound fx and ambients 

 Music and audio in film: Early music and some sound effects were done live is not until 1925, the company's commitment to the Western Electric audio in movies with a disk-image synchronization

After the 2nd World War the media industry focused on consumption as a form of recovery in the United States exported these ideas to all the radio which had a major boom and transmitting music

3th stage

A transistor radio 1960s and 1970s. Their pocket size sparked a change in popular music listening habits, allowing people to listen to music anywhere they went.

Radio Caroline is an English radio station founded in 1964 by Ronan O'Rahilly to circumvent the record companies' control of popular music broadcasting in the United Kingdom and the BBC's radio broadcasting monopoly. Unlicensed by any government for most of its early life, it was considered a pirate radio station. (influence youth culture because radio was being censored by the government)

From 1948 it was possible to have greater recording capacity on the disks and devices allowing access to the detonation of various art during the later years as well as creating new artistic discourses in special in the 60s which criticized practices of the time

4th stage

- With the beginning of the CD was also initiate formats that allow greater storage in compressed formats, although this is not the best sound quality has been well received in the market and in various applications. (smarthphones).Some music formats a: Wav, aiff, mp3, wma, M4a

- With the emergence of digital technologies was initiated music devices and the Internet, but also generated much controversy with the rights of musicians and questioned its social and artistic quality.

Capacity

In 1903 he recorded "Ernani" in 40 albums and lasted 1 hour and 45 minutes

The LP had a capacity of 30 minutes per side

The CD allows 80 minutes (wav)

Mp3 format might be able to play music for 2 months without interruption (around 1440 hours) 

 

6. Recording music

Acoustic analogue

• first radio sets available to the US public in 1920

• recording industry little threat from this:
  these machines provided poor sound quality
  and broadcasters were disallowed  by the record companies  
  to use recorded music  
• radio stations > use local musicians to recreate popular records live
• to compete with the record market >radio network owners spent big money on lavish production
  > the popularity of radio increased steadily

• acoustic analog recording was achieved by a ‘Horn’
  > can detect acoustic sound waves and record them via a vibrating diaphragm as a graphic 
     representation of the sound waves on a medium such as a phonograph cylinder to produce
     wax, vinyl or earlier rubber records!

Electrical era

• Electrical recording

  > microphone was used
  > convert the sound of music into an electrical signal and amplified it
• clearer and more full-bodied recordings

• most popular electrical recording materials: tape cassettes

Magnetic tape

• sound could be recorded, erased and re-recorded on the same
  tape many times
• sounds could be duplicated from tape to tape with little loss of quality,
• be very well edited by cutting the tape and rejoining it

• American musician-inventor Les Paul invented the first multitrack
   tape recorder in 1948

• Tape made first sound recordings possible the first sound recordings e.g artists such as Frank 
   Zappa, The Beatles and The Beach Boys

Digital

• invention of digital sound recording and (later) the compact disc in 1982 brought significant
   improvements in the durability of consumer recordings

• digital audio is directly recorded to a storage device as a stream of discrete numbers representing
   the changes in air pressure for sound

Recording

• sound signal is transmitted from the input device to an analog-to-digital converter (ADC)
  >which converts this signal into numbers
  >these are stored onto recording media such as a hard
    drive, optical drive or solid state memory

Playback
• to play it back
  > the sequence of numbers is transmitted from storage into a digital-to-analog converter (DAC)
  > it converts the numbers back to an analog signal (by sticking together the level information
     stored in each digital sample, rebuilding the original analog wave form)

7. Copyrights and piracy

Copyrights

– You are not allowed to take any audio recordings without permission for your own or commercial use.
– If you make a cover song and use it for commercial use, you will need a permission from the composer.
– If you need music for your commercial projects, a good way to find proper audio is through sync agencies that license songs for further use.
– Creative commons – licenses let you use audio for free
– When recorded music is being played in public spaces, there's always a fee to pay.
– DJ's are only allowed to play music in the form it was purchased
– Playing music on radio always costs

Piracy

 

-->

Even though there had been many illegal ways to spread and listen to music, things started to change when the sharing site Napster was launched in the late 90's. Compared to this day, the amount people involved in peer-to-peer file sharing was quite small and it mostly happened inside this site. In general it wasn't seen as a major threat because Napster was pretty easy to control, since all the users were using the same service.

It all started to change when Lars Ulrich sued Napster and the service was taken down. This actually had a really negative influence in the downloading scene, since different services started to come up and now there was no way to control them anymore. Many people still blame Ulrich for making the scene the way it is now and say this was the beginning of the death of music industry.

In early days David Bowie had predicted that music would once be like water. What he meant was, that all music would belong to all people and there would be a fee to pay for the amount you listen to it. This idea was brought on the market by different new services, which of Spotify turned out to be the biggest. At glance, it seems like it's a great solution, easy access to all music and people get paid. The truth in Spotify is different and many people in the music business think it's even worse than illegal downloading.

The problem with Spotify seems to be, that the contracts aren't very profitable for anyone. The most profits go to record labels which are also the major stockholders in Spotify. Spotify has never made any profit, and it loses tens of millions each year. It's no solution for the future. Although it pays artists for plays, the amount is really minimal. The problem also is, that by using this legal service, there is no need for people to pay for music anymore. Album sales go down all the time, artists and labels don't have the money to produce new records or launch new artists.